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- ▒ MEDICINE, Page 56Hard Looks at Hormones
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- Drugs to ease the toll of menopause are linked to breast cancer
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- Besides being emotionally stressful for some, menopause can
- bring physical discomfort and may lead the way to serious
- health risks in older women. When their reproductive years end
- and the production of sex hormones drops, women face not only
- the prospect of hot flashes and insomnia but also a greater
- chance of worse conditions, such as heart disease and a
- weakening of the bones called osteoporosis. Over the years,
- pharmaceutical companies have developed pills designed to
- replace the hormones the women have lost, and these drugs have
- come into wide use. Now, however, new questions are being raised
- about their safety. Although the evidence is far from
- conclusive, a major study published last week in the New England
- Journal of Medicine suggests that at least some of the
- post-menopause medication may increase the risk of breast
- cancer.
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- The study, conducted in Sweden, involved 23,244 women who
- were taking various types of estrogen, one of the main female
- sex hormones, after menopause; a third of them were also on
- progestin, an artificial form of the hormone progesterone. The
- researchers compared these women with others who had not taken
- hormones. The results: after nine years the women who took a
- kind of estrogen called estradiol had about twice the
- breast-cancer rate of those who were not on replacement therapy.
- The women on estrogen and progestin had a higher rate -- about
- four times as many cases of breast cancer after they used the
- combination for six or more years. Medical experts point out
- that parts of this report contradict some earlier evidence and
- that data on many more women must be collected before the
- Swedish results are either confirmed or refuted. Nonetheless,
- the study injects new doubts into the already difficult choices
- that women must make concerning which hormones, if any, to take.
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- Estrogen came into favor many years ago because it helped
- prevent osteoporosis and appeared to guard against heart
- disease. But it was discovered that estrogen increased the risk
- of uterine cancer. To lower the odds of contracting uterine
- cancer, many doctors added progestin to the treatment, and it
- was hoped that the drug would also help reduce any risk of
- breast cancer associated with estrogen alone. The drawback to
- progestin seemed to be that it reduces some of the benefits of
- estrogen, in particular the apparent protection against heart
- disease. Now the possibility of a breast-cancer risk has further
- muddled an already confused situation.
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- So what is a woman to do? In an editorial published along
- with the Swedish study in the New England Journal, Dr.
- Elizabeth Barrett-Connor of the University of California, San
- Diego, argues that the "benefits of estrogen seem strongly
- established. In my opinion, the data are not conclusive enough
- to warrant any immediate change in the way we approach hormone
- replacement." Dr. I. Craig Henderson of the Dana-Farber Cancer
- Institute in Boston notes that estradiol, the estrogen
- implicated in the Swedish report, is not the same as the
- estrogens most commonly used in the U.S. "While women should not
- conclude yet that they are totally without risk," he says, "it
- is highly likely that the estrogen American women use may be
- safer for a longer period of time than the estrogen used in
- Sweden."
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- There is more uncertainty, however, about adding progestin
- to estrogen, since the study raised the possibility that this
- combination produces a greater risk of breast cancer than does
- estrogen alone. Dr. Charles Hammond, chairman of the department
- of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University Medical Center,
- is not convinced that he should change his prescribing habits.
- "We shouldn't frighten women into not taking progestin," he
- says. "We could find an increase in uterine cancer." But that
- disease is less common and less lethal than breast cancer. Some
- experts, including Malcolm Pike, a professor of preventive
- medicine at the University of Southern California, suggest that
- the benefits of progestin may not be worth the potential
- dangers.
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